Physiological and biochemical changes in milk yield, composition, and blood lipid profile across lactation stages and seasons in Iraqi she-camels

This study aimed to investigate the effects of lactation stage and seasonal variation on milk yield, composition, blood biochemical parameters, and fatty acid profiles in dairy camels raised under the environmental conditions of Basrah Governorate. A total of 60 animals were monitored between August 2018 and April 2019. Milk samples were analyzed for fat, protein, lactose, total solids, and Fatty acid composition. Blood samples were collected to determine triglycerides, total cholesterol, and lipoprotein fractions, including low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, and very low-density lipoprotein. The results revealed a significant decrease in milk yield from early lactation (2.69 ± 0.22 kg) to late lactation (2.50 ± 0.24 kg). Lactose content increased progressively, while fat and protein percentages declined as lactation advanced. Significant reductions were observed in blood triglycerides, total cholesterol, and all lipoprotein types across lactation stages. Fatty acid analysis showed specific changes: capric acid increased during mid-lactation, lauric acid fluctuated, and palmitic acid increased during late lactation. Seasonal analysis showed the highest milk yield in autumn and the lowest in spring. Lactose levels increased significantly across the seasons, while fat and protein contents declined. Total cholesterol was highest in summer and decreased significantly toward spring. A correlation analysis revealed strong relationships among milk components, particularly between protein and fat, and a notable negative association between lactose and low-density lipoprotein. In conclusion, the lactation stage and seasonal variation influence milk yield, composition, lipid metabolism, and fatty acid profiles, reflecting physiological adaptations in dairy camels.

• dairy camels
• milk yield
• milk composition
• lactation stage
• seasonal variation
• lipid profile
• fatty acid composition
• triglycerides
• total cholesterol
• lipoproteins
• lactose
• milk fat
• milk protein
• lipid metabolism
• Basra Governorate

• 2 — Zero hunger

• Animal Diversity and Health Studies
• Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
• Milk Quality and Mastitis in Dairy Cows
• dairy camels
• milk yield
• milk composition
• lactation stage
• seasonal variation
• lipid profile
• fatty acid composition
• triglycerides
• Food Science
• Agronomy and Crop Science
• Agricultural and Biological Sciences